LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE

The London Stock Exchange is at the heart of global financial markets and is home to some of the best companies in the world.

The London Stock Exchange is one of the world’s oldest stock exchanges and we can trace its history back more than 300 years. Starting life in the coffee houses of 17th century London, the Exchange quickly grew to become the City’s most important financial institution.

SENSEX

Sensex is the common name for the Bombay Stock Exchange Sensitive Index. It consists of the 30 largest and most actively traded stocks, representative of various sectors, on the Bombay Stock Exchange.

The Sensex is generally regarded as the most popular and precise barometer of the Indian stock markets. It is the oldest stock market index currently in use.

The base value of the Sensex is 100 on April 1, 1979.

At irregular intervals, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) authorities review and modify its composition to make sure it reflects current market conditions.

Guerilla Marketing

Guerrilla marketing, as described by Jay Conrad Levinson in his popular 1984 book Guerrilla Marketing, is an unconventional way of performing promotional activities on a very low budget. Such promotions are sometimes designed so that the target audience is left unaware they have been marketed to and may therefore be a form of undercover marketing (also called stealth marketing). The ethics of guerilla marketing have often been called into question due to an alleged deceptive, misleading, or subtle nature of the campaigns.

It is up to the guerrilla marketer to be creative and devise unconventional methods of promotion. The marketer must use all of his or her contacts, both professional and personal, and must examine his company and its products, looking for sources of publicity.

Levinson identifies the following principles as the foundation of guerrilla marketing:

Guerrilla Marketing is specifically geared for the small business.
It should be based on human psychology instead of experience, judgment, and guesswork.
Instead of money, the primary investments of marketing should be time, energy, and imagination.
The primary statistic to measure your business is the amount of profits, not sales.
The marketer should also concentrate on how many new relationships are made each month.
Create a standard of excellence with an acute focus instead of trying to diversify by offering allied products and services.
Instead of concentrating on getting new customers, aim for more referrals, more transactions with existing customers, and larger transactions.
Forget about the competition and concentrate more on cooperating with other businesses.
Guerrilla Marketers should always use a combination of marketing methods for a campaign.
Use current technology as a tool to empower your marketing.



DO YOU KNOW???????

While still used frequently by small businesses, Guerrilla Marketing has been used increasingly by fortune 500 companies, including General Electric, Yahoo!, Citigroup, Sony Ericsson and Nike.

DEMING

William Edwards Deming was an American statistician, college professor, author, lecturer, and consultant. Deming is widely credited with improving production in the United States during World War II, although he is perhaps best known for his work in Japan. There, from 1950 onward he taught top management how to improve design (and thus service), product quality, testing and sales (the latter through global markets). Deming made a significant contribution to Japan becoming renowned for producing innovative high-quality products. Deming is regarded as having had more impact upon Japanese manufacturing and business than any other individual not of Japanese heritage.


Deming was the author of Out of the Crisis (1982-1986) and The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education (1993).


When people and organizations focus primarily on quality, quality defined by the following ratio:

QUALITY = results of work efforts/total costs

then quality tends to increase and costs fall over time.
(b) However, when people and organizations focus primarily on cost, then costs tend to rise and quality declines over time.

KAIZEN

Kaizen (Japanese for "change for the better" or "improvement", the English translation is "continuous improvement", or "continual improvement.") is an approach to productivity improvement originating in applications of the work of American experts such as Frederick Winslow Taylor, Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Walter Shewhart, W. Edwards Deming and of the War Department's Training Within Industry program by Japanese manufacturers after World War II. The development of Kaizen went hand-in-hand with that of quality control circles, but it was not limited to quality assurance.

The goals of kaizen include

>>elimination of waste (defined by [Joshua Isaac Walters] as "activities that add cost but do not add value")

>>just-in-time delivery, production load leveling of amount and types

>>standardized work

>>paced moving lines

>>right-sized equipment

RED OCEAN AND A BLUE OCEAN

The "ocean" refers to the market or industry. "Blue oceans" are untapped and uncontested markets, which provide little or no competition for anyone who would dive in, since the markets are not crowded. A "red ocean", on the other hand, refers to a saturated market where there is fierce competition, already crowded with people (companies) providing the same type of services or producing the same kind of goods.

The Top Ten Software Companies in India

1 TCS LIMITED
2 WIPRO LIMITED
3 INFOSYS TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED
4 SATYAM COMPUTER SERVICES LIMITED
5 I-FLEX SOLUTIONS LIMITED
6 TATA INFOTECH LIMITED
7 CMC LIMITED
8 MPHASIS BFL LIMITED
9 MASTEK LIMITED
10 NIIT LIMITED

GDP------------GNP

A region's gross domestic product,or GDP, is one of several measures of the size of its economy. The GDP of a country is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. It is also considered the sum of value added at every stage of production of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.

GDP = consumption + investment + (government spending-taxes) + (exports − imports)

Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of all final goods and services produced by a country's factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.

Nominal GNP measures the value of output during a given year using the prices prevailing during that year. Over time, the general level of prices rise due to inflation, leading to an increase in nominal GNP even if the volume of goods and services produced is unchanged.

Real GNP measures the value of output in two or more different years by valuing the goods and services adjusted for inflation. For example, if both the "nominal GNP" and price level doubled between 1995 and 2005, the "real GNP" would remain the same. For year over year GNP growth, "real GNP" is usually used because it gives a more accurate view of the economy. It also has nothing to do with the population.

Empowerment

Empowerment means that employees, managers or teams at all levels in the organisation have the power to make decisions without asking their superiors for permission.

The notion underlying empowerment is that those closest to the task are best able to make the decision, provided that they have the required competencies. Actually, the notion of empowerment is historically based on suggestion schemes, job enrichment and worker participation. Moreover, the concepts of delegation are closely related to empowerment

Financial Statements

Financial statements are records that provide an indication of an individual’s, organization’s, or business’ financial status. There are four basic types of financial statements: balance sheets, income statements, cash-flow statements, and statements of retained earnings. Typically, financial statements are used in relation to business endeavors.

Balance sheet financial statements are used to provide insight into a company’s assets and debts at a particular point in time. Information about the company’s shareholder equity is included as well. Typically, a company lists its assets on the left side of the balance sheet and its debts and liabilities on the right. Sometimes, however, a balance sheet has assets listed at the top, debts in the middle, and shareholders’ equity at the bottom.

Income financial statements present information concerning the revenue earned by a company in a specified time period. Income statements also show the company’s expenses in attaining the income and shareholder earnings per share. At the bottom of the income statement, a total of the amount earned or lost is included. Often, income statements provide a record of revenue over a year’s time.

Cash-flow financial statements provide a look at the movement of cash in and out of a company. These financial statements include information from operating, investing, and financing activities. The cash-flow statement can be important in determining whether or not a company has enough cash to pay its bills, handle expenses, and acquire assets. At the bottom of a cash-flow statement, the net cash increase or decrease can be found.

Statements of retained earnings show changes in a company's or organization’s retained earnings over a specific period of time. These statements show the beginning and final balance of retained earnings, as well as any adjustments to the balance that occur during the reporting period. This information is sometimes included as part of the balance sheet, or it may be combined with an income statement. However, it is frequently provided as a completely separate statement.

A corporation and a partnership company

A corporation refers to a business started by more than one person that seeks to sell shares to investors. A partnership also has more than one owner and both profits and liability are shared. The main difference between a partnership and a corporation is liability.

The liability of each member is protected in a corporation as personal risk is limited by the investment. A partnership, like a sole proprietorship, does not offer limited liability protection.

LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY

A limited liability company is very similar in structure to a corporation, except that the number of owners such a company may have is limited -- hence the name. In the United States, a limited liability company is often referred to as an LLC -- many people incorrectly interpret this acronym to mean limited liability corporation. In the United Kingdom, a limited liability company is marked as Limited or Ltd., in contrast to public companies, which are referred to as PLC.

The limited liability company is a relatively new innovation in the United States, intended as a way to help small businesses gain many of the benefits enjoyed by corporations, while allowing them to retain their small business model of ownership.

A traditional corporation requires a number of things that a limited liability company does not need to create. Corporations have shareholders, for example, and must meet a certain number of times per year at shareholder meetings to make decisions. A limited liability company does not have shareholders and does not require meetings. Similarly, a limited liability company does not need to create a set of bylaws, though some states require an operating agreement in order to recognize the company.

The limited liability company model is widely considered to be an alternative to remaining as a sole proprietorship. For small businesses which are owned by one person, the tax benefits of being a sole proprietorship outweigh the liability-reducing benefits of incorporation. By becoming a limited liability company, however, these small businesses retain many of the perks of being unincorporated, while reducing their liability. A limited liability company may in fact choose its own tax status, deciding whether to be treated as a sole proprietorship, or an S or C corporation.

What is a social enterprise?

Social enterprises are businesses with primarily social objectives whose surpluses are principally reinvested for that purpose in the business or in the community, rather than being driven by the need to maximise profit for shareholders and owners.

Social enterprises tackle a wide range of social and environmental issues and operate in all parts of the economy. By using business solutions to achieve public good, government believes that social enterprises have a distinct and valuable role to play in helping create a strong, sustainable and socially inclusive economy.

Successful social enterprises can play an important role in helping deliver on many of government's key policy objectives by:

helping to drive up productivity and competitiveness;
contributing to socially inclusive wealth creation;
enabling individuals and communities to work towards regenerating their local neighbourhoods;
showing new ways to deliver public services; and
helping to develop an inclusive society and active citizenship.